| Phobjika Valley | |
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View of Phobjika Valley |
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| Floor elevation | 3,000 m (9,843 ft) |
| Population Centers | Phobji Gewog, Gangteng Gewog |
The Phobjika Valley (also spelt Phobjikha, the suffix kha means valley in Dzongka) is a vast U-shaped glacial valley, also known as Gangteng Valley named after the impressive Gangteng Monastery of the Nyingma sect in central Bhutan, where the graceful Black-necked Cranes in Bhutan (Grus nigricollis) from the Tibetan Plateau visit the valley during the winter season to roost. On arrival in the Phobjika Valley in the last week of October, the Black-necked Cranes circle the Gangteng Monastery three times and also repeat the process while returning to Tibet.[1][2][3]:152–154
The broad valley with its best-known marshland in Bhutan, is popular for its scenic splendour and cultural uniqueness. The valley is rich in faunal biodiversity and has, apart from the globally threatened Black-necked Cranes Grus nigricollis, 13 other globally threatened species. Within the ambit of the valley, an area of about 163 square kilometres (63 sq mi) has been declared a protected area, which is managed by the Royal Society for the Protection of Nature (RSPN), for the protection of nature, authorized to manage, on lease basis, by the Ministry of Agriculture.
Tsechu, the colourful Mask Dance Festival of Bhutan and the Crane Festival welcoming the Black-neck Cranes in winter months are held every year in the precincts of the Phobjika Valley, in the Gangten Monastery courtyard. It also has a popular 3-days trek route.
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The Phobjika Valley is a vast glacial valley at an elevation of about 3,000 metres (9,800 ft) on the west side by the Black Mountains (Bhutan) (range above 5,000 metres (16,000 ft) elevation) that separates western and central Bhutan. The valley covers most of Phobji and Gangteng Gewogs and contains the Gangteng Monastery, also known as Gangtey Gonpa, on a spur surrounded by the village Gangtey. The valley is covered by a rich sward of grass in the marshy land where special variety of dwarf bamboo grows on which the Black-necked Cranes feed. The Nake Chuu River runs through this valley. Scenic views of the Phobjika Valley are best below the spur of Gangteng Monastery.[2][3][5][6][7]
The valley is enclosed by the mountain ranges, which experience snowfall. The valley also gets covered with snow during the winter months forcing people of the valley to shift to more pleasant climes during the months of January and February. The mean minimum temperature recorded in December is −4.8 °C (23.4 °F). The mean maximum temperature recorded in August is 19.9 °C (67.8 °F). The rainfall incidence varies from 1,472–2,189 millimetres (58.0–86.2 in).[3][8]
The Phobjika Valley, with its agrarian economy, is mostly underdeveloped with least modern facilities of electricity, water and sanitation. Transport and communication facilities are also not adequate. In view of protection provided to the cranes which visit the valley in winter, as a conservation measure overhead transmission lines for electric supply have not been permitted to be provided.[9] Solar heaters, solar powered cells and diesel generators are used to provide electricity. There are plans to put in place underground electrical cable system for supplying grid electricity to the valley by 2011.[8]
The Phobjika Valley is located in the Wangdue Phodrang District (Phobji and Gangteng Gewogs) in central Bhutan. The valley has about 4,500 people (4,716 has been reported[8]) residing in Gangten and other villages, and in the Gangten Monastery that is strategically located on a spur above the valley. During the winter season, as the valley gets covered by snow, the entire population of the valley including the monks shifts to a more conducive climate (during months of January and February) in the Wangdue Phodrang area, which is about 3,000 kilometres (1,900 mi) away by road. The ethnicity of the people living in the valley has a special identity as they are known as Ganteps and their language is a dialect known as Henke (inferred to be archaic Tibetan), a language under the Bumthang group of languages. The Black Mountain Region is also inhabited by nomadic shepherds and yak-herders. People of the ancient animistic religion of Bhutan namely, the Bon religion, also live in the adjoining Taphu Valley here, in scattered villages.[3][5][10]
The picturesque Phobjika Valley, in the backdrop of the Black Mountain Range, has rich biodiversity of flora and fauna. This, coupled with religious importance of the Gangten Monastery, has attracted religious and ecotourism to the valley.[3]
The Phobjika valley is a marshy land and has a sward of grassy pastures where cattle and horses graze. A special kind of dwarf bamboo grows here, which attracts the Black-necked Cranes to roost and feed in the valley during the winter season. Potatoes are the main cash crop grown in the valley. Turnips are also grown. Other tree species seen are coniferous vegetation of blue pine, birch, maple and several species of rhododendrons.[3][8]
The valley is known for its seed potato crop as the soil and atmospheric conditions in the valley are free from insects and diseases that normally affect this crop. The crop is mainly exported to India where there is great demand for this variety. This has generated interest in the valley to convert the wetlands or marshy lands of the valley into farms by draining the area of its water logging to produce cash crops. However, interest to preserve the habitat of the Black-necked Crane in the valley, the religious significance that is attached to the Black-necked Cranes, and the tourism that has developed around the famous Gangten Monastery and the cranes, the Institutions like the Royal Society for the Protection of Nature (RSPN) have prevailed upon the Government of Bhutan to stop any conversion of the valley land into farms. Palje "Benjie" Dorji, former Chief Justice of Bhutan, former Minister for Environment and uncle of the present King of Bhutan, as the Chairman of the Royal Bhutan Society and as founder of the Black-necked Conservation Programme helped to drop the proposal to drain the wetlands of the Phobjika Valley to create farms to grow cash rich seed potatoes.[1][3] However, it has been suggested that as cranes are valued more, the people who cannot grow cash rich potatoes here need to be compensated.[11] It has also been suggested that the effect of tourism on cranes in the Phobjika Valley should also be studied.[12]
The valley and hills surrounding it are rich in wild life. The fauna recorded are the muntjacs (barking deer), wild boars, sambar, Himalayan black bear, leopards and foxes.[3]
The Phobjika Valley has 14 vulnerable (Vu) species of birds in the Protected Conservation Area established in 2003. The most celebrated species of the region is the Black-necked Crane. The 13 other vulnerable species are the Rufous-necked Hornbill Aceros nipalensis, Chestnut-breasted Partridge Arborophila mandellii, Pallas's Fish-eagle Haliaeetus leucoryphus, nuthatch Sitta Formosa, Wood Snipe Gallinago nemoricola, Blyth's Tragopan Tragopan blythii, Greater Spotted Eagle Aquila clanga, Imperial eagle Aquila heliaca, Baer's Pochard Aythya baeri, Hodgson's Bushchat Saxicola insignis, Dark-rumped Swift Apus acuticauda, and Grey-crowned Prinia Prinia cinereocapilla. However, out of these 14 species, the white-bellied heron Ardea insignis is listed as 'critically endangered' in the Red List of Threatened Species maintained by the World Conservation Union (IUCN). All these plant and animal species are protected under the jurisdiction of the Phobjika Conservation Area set up in 2003, by the Ministry of Agriculture (MoA). The Conservation Area of 163 square kilometres (63 sq mi), which includes Gewogs of Phobji, Gangte and Bjena under the Wangdue Phodrang dzongkhag, has been leased out for Conservation Planning and Management to the Royal Society for the Protection of Nature (RSPN), a Non Governmental Organization (NGO) set up in Bhutan in 1987 (legally Incorporated in 1997). RSPN is involved not only in the conservation management of the Black-necked cranes and their habitat but also in conducting research on public education and awareness, community empowerment for conservation, and integrated conservation and development programmes, including community-based ecotourism in the valley.[2] The Black-necked Cranes arrive in this valley in late October and depart in mid February.[13]
In the Phobjika valley in particular, the Black-necked Cranes have a celebrity status, as witnessed by the Crane Festival held every year on 12 November, soon after their arrival from the Tibetan Plateau in the late October. The festival is celebrated in the courtyards of the Gangten Gonpa and in the entire Phobjika Valley. The festival is attended by a large number of local people. On this occasion, children wearing crane costumes perform choreographed crane dances. During this period, cranes are seen flying at high altitudes over the mountains. Many tourists also visit the valley to witness this festival.[3][13][14]
Another special festival observed by the people of the valley is the annual Tsechu, which is held in the Gangteng Monastery from the 5th to 10th days of the eighth lunar month, as per the Bhutanese calendar. Mask dances are the special feature of the festival. The festival attracts many foreign tourists.[5]:828
Phubja Valley trek is a popular trekking that takes three days to complete and is part of the religious tourism and ecotourism that is promoted by the Government of Bhutan and other concerned NGO organizations.[3]
Gangtey treks are also popular tourism attractions in the Phobjika Valley, which cover the Gangteng Gonpa. These trekking routes followed by international trekking enthusiasts start from the Gangteng Gonpa in the Phobjika Valley. The treks pass through the Kumbu village (east of the Gonpa), goes through the Gedachen and Khebayathang villages, leads to the Kilhorthang village and terminates in the Kungathang Lhakhang.[15] A short trek of about 90 minutes known as the 'Gangte Nature Trail' starts from the Mani stone wall to the north of the Gangteng Gonpa and ends in Khewa Lhakhang.[3]:153